A well designed lighting scheme is about more than simply illuminating a room. The way light is distributed throughout a space has a significant impact on how it feels and is used. By using a layered scheme which utilises multiple different lighting positions, fixtures and techniques that are carefully divided between circuits, you can optimise flexibility and ensure the space is experienced in a way that both feels good and functions effectively.
A layered scheme typically combines four different types of lighting: general, task, accent and mood.
General
General lighting is the primary layer of light, used to provide overall illumination to a space so that it’s adequately lit for everyday activities and regular use. Rather than arranging downlights in a uniform grid across the ceiling, consider positioning them around the perimeter of the room to wash the walls with light. This helps draw the eye outwards, creating a greater sense of space while introducing a textural interplay between light and shadow across the surrounding architecture.
Task
Task lighting enhances visibility and provides focused illumination for specific activities or tasks such as cooking and reading. Task lighting is typically achieved through recessed downlights or surface-mounted spotlights with directional beams, angled to provide targeted light onto specific work surfaces. Decorative pendants alone, for example, will not provide sufficient task lighting above a kitchen island and should be supplemented with more focused, directional light.
Accent
Accent lighting is used to highlight objects, architectural features and decorative elements in order to add visual interest, depth and definition to an interior. Look for opportunities within the architecture and interior design of a space; archways, window recesses, artwork, joinery and furniture can all be accentuated through careful placement of light. Consider the angle, beam width and positioning of each fitting to ensure the light draws attention to the intended feature without creating unwanted glare or unsightly shadows.
Mood
Mood lighting aims to evoke atmosphere and ambience by using a variety of light sources placed at different heights. From skirting lights that gently wash the floor to table lamps and wall lights, distributing light across multiple levels allows for different combinations to be used depending on the desired mood. Your body’s circadian clock is largely controlled by exposure to light, so bright artificial light in the evening can disrupt the natural winding down process usually triggered by the sun’s setting. Reduce light from above and transition to softer, lower-level mood lighting to reflect the natural progression of daylight and support the body's circadian rhythm.
Circuiting & Control
As a general rule, aim to divide each layer of lighting onto separate circuits, allowing general, task, accent and mood lighting to be controlled independently. Where a layer incorporates multiple lighting positions, consider grouping fittings according to their function and location. For example, in a living room, perimeter downlights, artwork lighting, wall lights and table lamps should ideally be controlled separately, allowing different combinations to be used throughout the day. Incorporating dimming across these circuits further enhances flexibility, allowing light levels to be adjusted to suit the activity and desired atmosphere.